In previous posts , I briefly introduced the world of synthetic biology and designing of genetic circuits. The goal of competition such as iGEM is to encourage people designing creative solutions to real-world problems using synthetic biology with the hope of moving the field out of academia into industry, much like electronics. And much like electronics, iGEM is trying to develop a library of biological parts, analogous to electronic parts such as capacitors and resistors to build any circuit. If you have ever dabbled in electronics, you'd notice that not parts are created equally; Some capacitors have higher efficiencies than others which might suit a certain application more. In this post, I want to explore one of the most important "biological parts" in my opinion: What are promoters Promoters are regions of DNA usually found upstream of a gene that act as a switch to express whatever gene is downstream of it. Since translating DNA to mRNA requires the help of RNA ...